Cardiac glycosides an overview sciencedirect topics. The structure and distribution in plants, as well as structure elucidations, synthetic routes. The chemistry of cardiac glycosides and their biological activities cardiac glycosides from both plants and animals have been known for over one hundred years 14. Collectively they are held responsible for 33 % of all mortalities from plant poisonings of cattle and 10 % of those in small stock. Cardiac glycoside an overview sciencedirect topics. Digitalis is the genus name for the family of plants that provides the majority of pharmacologically useful cardiac glycosides.
The cardiac glycosides, substances that occur in the leaves of the foxglove digitalis purpurea and other plants, are the most important group of inotropic agents. Chemistry, spectroscopic characteristics and biological. Cardiac glycosides are a family of compounds derived from the digitalis plant. Novel therapeutic applications of cardiac glycosides. This causes na to accumulate inside the cell, inhibiting ncx and causes vocc to open. All plants producing glycosides have enzyme that can hydrolyze these glycosides. Its widespread in countries with a mediterranean climate. Major plant derived cardiac glycosides include digitoxin, digoxin, ouabain, oleandrin and proscillaridin, which are extracted from the plant families scrophulariaceae. Hellebrigenin, the aglycone of hellebrin is more potent than the glycoside itself. Determination of cardiac glycosides and total phenols in.
Cardiac glycoside intoxication 1 page cardiac glycoside intoxication author. Introduction cardiac glycosides come from foxgloves digitalis spp. The steroid nucleus consists of four fused rings to which other functional groups such as methyl, hydroxyl, and aldehyde groups can be attached to influence the overall molecules biological activity. Isolation and quantification of six cardiac glycosides. Many species grow in tropical regions and have been employed, in the past, by natives of africa, asia, and south america for preparation of arrow poisons 17. Cardiac glycosides, which are highly toxic and found in a number of plants, are usually phytochemicals consisting of an aglycone structurally related to steroid hormones linked to one or more sugar. Although they have been used for many purposes throughout history, the effectiveness of cardiac glycosides in heart disease was established in. Cardiac glycosides accession number dbcat000821 description. Cyclopentanophenanthrenes with a 5 or 6membered lactone ring attached at the 17position and sugars attached at the 3position. Plants and cardiac glycosides ahollman fromthe cardiac department. All the cardiac glycosides are sufficiently lipid soluble to be absorbed in lethal quantities from the gastrointestinal tract. Cardiac glycosides are broken down detoxified by rumen microorganisms, but when poisoning results the animal has invariably ingested an overdose. Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart. Full text full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version.
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Plants they come from have long been used in congestive heart failure. Given this, andrew pengellys much revised second edition of the constituents of medicinal plantsis a welcome arrival. Emulsin can hydrolyze b glycosides invertase can hydrolyze a glycosides myrosin can hydrolyze sglycosides. Cardiac glycosides have been also found in asian herbal products and have. Cardiac glycoside exposure from plants accounts for approximately 3% of plant exposures and 0.
Ppt cardiac glycosides powerpoint presentation free to. Alliin is hydrolyzed by the effect of alliinase enzyme present in different cells after crushing into allicin diallyl thiosulfinate. Prof christo botha licensed under a creative commons attribution license. Digitalis consists of two major cardiac glycosides digitoxin and digoxin. The sugar portion is called glycone, while the nonsugar portion is called aglycone or genin. Garlic it consists of the bulb of allium sativum fam.
They are a group of chemically similar compounds that can increase the contractility of the heart muscle and, therefore, are used in treating heart failure. Thus, there is vast potential to explore the possible medicine from the plant sources. Digoxin is the only drug of this class that is commonly used in clinical settings. From the cardiac department, universitycollege hospital, london. The basic structure of cardiac glycosides is composed of a sterol nucleus and an unsaturated conjugated lactone ring attached to the c17 position, then formed by condensation of a hydroxyl group at the c3 position of the nucleus with a sugar. The main indications for digoxin treatment are atrial fibrillation and heart failure in treatmentresistent cases.
Nerium oleander oleanderselonsroos the oleander is a muchbranched shrub often planted in gardens or along highways. Therapeutic use of herbal cardiac glycosides continues to be a source of toxicity today. Common monosaccharides found in cardiac glycosides are glucose, rhamnose and 6deoxy monosaccharide. Cardiac glycosides are compounds isolated from plants and animals and have been known since ancient times. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 1. Of 44,021 single exposures to plants reported by the american association of poison control centers aapcc in 2015, 70 were due to exposure to plants containing cardiac glycosides. Pdf cardiac glycosides in medicinal plants researchgate. Evolution of adaptations to cardiac glycosides in the. Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside isolated from plants of the genus digitalis. Pdf b pharm vii phytochemistry unitiv glycoside researchgate. Cardiac glycosides is toxic to dogs pet poison helpline. Cardiac glycosides also vary in the groups attached at either end of the steroid.
Plants containing cardiac glycosides are not a significant cause of livestock death, as most plants are not. The dried plant material is rendered into a moderately coarse powder. The cardiac glycosides are composed of two structural features. Cardiac glycosides natural and plant based cardiotoxins. Cardiac glycosides that have been elaborated by plants may be referred to as cardenolides. Because cardiac glycosides have a narrow therapeutic index, close monitoring of serum. These include but are not limited to cardiac glycosides or cardenolides cardenolides are steroidal glycosides exert a slowing and strengthening effect on the failing cardiac. In this text he comprehensively covers the major phytochemical classes found in plants and their implications for human therapy. The typical route of sterol and steroid biosynthesis follows the cycloartenol pathway, whereas the lanosterol route seems to be operative mainly in fungi and animals. Poisoning of livestock by cardiac glycoside containing plants has the greatest economic impact of all plant associated poisonings in south africa.
Cardiac glycosides partially inhibit the e2 nak atpase by preventing dephosphorylation. The use of preparations of cardiac glycoside synonyms. Glycoside purvi kakrani, glycosides, lbriper 2 glycoside is an organic compound, usually of plant origin, that is composed of a sugar portion linked to a nonsugar moiety. For this reason, cardio glycosidic plants are commonly used in the treatment of heart failure and cardiac arrhythmia.
The dried leaves should not contain more than 5% moisture, since it promotes hydrolysis of cardiac glycosides resulting in loss of cardiac activity. The terms cardiac glycoside or digitalis are used throughout to refer to any of steroid or steroid glycoside compounds that exert characteristic positively inotropic effect on the heart. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Cardiac glycosides also can be found in several plants, including foxglove digitalis purpurea, lily of the valley convallaria majalis, oleander. Cardiac glycosides occur in small amounts in the seeds, leaves, stems, roots, and bark of plants of wide geographical distribution. As far as the cardiovascular system is concerned, cardiac glycoside containing plants are important in both lethal livestock and human poisonings.
Links to pubmed are also available for selected references. Cardiac glycoside containing plants have natural toxins specifically called cardenolides or bufadienolides. Cardiac glycosides the cardiac glycosides are often called digitalis or digitalis glycosides. Radwa moustafa elfaiomy, for her help and encouragement during this work.
Generally all parts of the plant are highly toxic and lethal if eaten in small quantities. In addition to the cardiac glycosides with their cyclo pentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus in the genin moiety there are other glycosidal plant substances such. Resinoids, glycosides, and a small amount of alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant. Plant steroids are derived from sterols and comprise steroid saponins, steroid alkaloids, pregnanes, androstanes, estranes, ecdysteroids, withanolides and cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycosides are found in a diverse group of plants including digitalis purpurea and digitalis lanata foxgloves, nerium oleander, convallaria majalis lily of the valley, strophanthus gratus, etc. Cardioactive glycosides a small group of plant glycosides act directly on the heart muscle. Cardiac glycosides are a unique group of secondary metabolites that they are considered one of the most useful drugs in therapeutics. The cardiac glycosides that monarch butterflies sequester from milkweed plants during the larval stage differ remarkably in their emetic potency and are concentrated to different degrees in the various parts of the body as well as in the two sexes fig. These compounds inhibit the activity of the sodium potassium pump in eukaryotic cells.
This effect has been traced back to the fact that thevetia peruviana contains cardiac glycosides. Francisco and maria helena pimenta pinotti department of biochemistry, state university of londrina, po box 6001, 86. Other articles where cardiac glycoside is discussed. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link. Possible drug interactions with cardiac glycosides. The primary cardiac glycoside present in helleborus is the bufadienole, hellebrin. Symptoms of poisoning by the cardiac glycosides include dullness, weakness, bloating, inability to stand or walk, high. Cardiac glycosides cardiac glycosides are the most common toxin affecting cardiovascular health and are found in wide variety of plant families. Pdf plant active metabolites are under intensive examinations around the world to supplement the drugs with minimal side effects. Generally, only very small quantities of the plants must be ingested to produce poisoning. Plant families that include cardiac glycoside cardenolide or bufadienolide. They are used in the treatment of heart diseases e.
The powder is then extracted in a soxhlet apparatus with aqueous ethanol. Ebenezer olatunde farombi, in toxicological survey of african medicinal plants, 2014. Digitalis is a plant derived cardiac glycoside commonly used in the treatment of chronic h eart failure chf, atrial fibrillation, and reentrant supraventricula r tachycardia. Make a copy for each of your doctors so that they can keep it in your file. The full text of this article is available in pdf format. Nerium oleander is an indoor and ornamental plant of an evergreen shrub. It was also found out that the degree to which cardiac glycosides inhibited cancer cell growth was correlated to topoisomerase iiinhibiting activity. This complete list helps your doctor be better prepared to prescribe a cardiac glycoside that is the least likely to interact.
Cardiac glycosides knowledge for medical students and. The leaves are immediately dried after collection below 60 c and dried leaves are stored in airtight containers. Cardiac glycosides are divided into two main types. A glycoside is an organic compound, usually of plant origin, and comprising a sugar portion linked to a nonsugar moiety in a particular manner. Toxicity of cardiac glycosides cardiac glycosides are found in all plant parts, especially the leaves. The molecule from which the nonsugar moiety of a glycoside is derived is called the aglycones or genin. The very high concentrations of these compounds in the wings probably facilitate learned taste rejection in predators and account for the. The nonglycosidal impurities which get extracted along with glycosides are removed by precipitating them with lead acetate solution. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides.